The Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane, Tenth Earl of Dundonald, G.C.B., Admiral of the Red, Rear Admiral of the Fleet, Etc., Etc. written by Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald

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THE LIFE OF

THOMAS, LORD COCHRANE, TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD, G.C.B., ADMIRAL OF THE
RED, REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET, ETC., ETC.,

COMPLETING "THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SEAMAN."

BY

THOMAS, ELEVENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD, AND H.R. FOX BOURNE, AUTHOR OF
"ENGLISH SEAMEN UNDER THE TUDORS," ETC. ETC.

IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I.

Published 1869.

TO MISS ANGELA BURDETT COUTTS,
WHOSE HONOURED FATHER
WAS THE FIRMEST AND MOST CONSTANT FRIEND AND SUPPORTER
OF MY FATHER,
DURING A CAREER DEVOTED TO THE WELFARE OF HIS COUNTRY
AND THE HONOUR OF HIS PROFESSION,
AND WHOM IT IS MY HAPPINESS AND PRIVILEGE TO CALL MY FRIEND,
THIS WORK IS DEDICATED,
WITH ALL RESPECT AND REGARD,
BY
HER ATTACHED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT,

DUNDONALD.

PREFACE.

In these Volumes is recounted the public life of my late father from
the period to which the narrative was brought down by himself in his
unfinished "Autobiography of a Seaman." The completion of that work
was prevented by his death, which occurred almost immediately after
the publication of the Second Volume, eight years and a half ago.
I had hoped to supplement it sooner; but in this hope I have been
thwarted.

My father's papers were, at the time of his death, in the hands of
a gentleman who had assisted him in the preparation of his
"Autobiography," and to this gentleman was entrusted the completion
of the work. Illness and other occupations, however, interfered, and,
after a lapse of about two years, he died, leaving the papers, of
which no use had been made by him, to fall into the possession of
others. Only after long delay and considerable trouble and expense was
I able to recover them and realize my long-cherished purpose.

Further delay in the publication of this book has arisen from my
having been compelled, as my father's executor, to make three long and
laborious journeys to Brazil, which have engrossed much time.

At length, however, I find myself able to pay the debt which I
owe both to my father's memory and to the public, by whom the
"Autobiography of a Seaman" was read with so much interest. At the
beginning of last year I placed all the necessary documents in the
hands of my friend, Mr. H.R. Fox Bourne, asking him to handle them
with the same zeal of research and impartiality of judgment which he
has shown in his already published works. I have also furnished
him with my own reminiscences of so much of my father's life as was
personally known to me; and he has availed himself of all the help
that could be obtained from other sources of information, both private
and public. He has written the book to the best of his ability, and I
have done my utmost to help him in making it as complete and accurate
as possible. We hope that the late Earl of Dundonald's life and
character have been all the better delineated in that the work has
grown out of the personal knowledge of his son and the unbiassed
judgment of a stranger.

A long time having elapsed since the publication of the "Autobiography
of a Seaman," it has been thought well to give a brief recapitulation
of its story in an opening chapter.

The four following chapters recount my father's history during the
five years following the cruel Stock Exchange trial, the subject last
treated of in the "Autobiography." It is not strange that the
harsh treatment to which he was subjected should have led him into
opposition, in which there was some violence, which he afterwards
condemned, against the Government of the day. But, if there were
circumstances to be regretted in this portion of his career, it shows
almost more plainly than any other with what strength of philanthropy
he sought to aid the poor and the oppressed.

His occupations as Chief Admiral, first of Chili and afterwards
of Brazil, were described by himself in two volumes, entitled, "A
Narrative of Services in Chili, Peru, and Brazil." Therefore, the
seven chapters of the present work which describe these episodes
have been made as concise as possible. Only the most memorable
circumstances have been dwelt upon, and the details introduced have
been drawn to some extent from documents not included in the volumes
referred to.

There was no reason for abridgment in treating of my father's
connection with Greece. In the service of that country he was less
able to achieve beneficial results than in Chili and Brazil; but
as, on that ground, he has been frequently traduced by critics and
historians, it seemed especially important to show how his successes
were greater than these critics and historians have represented, and
how his failures sprang from the faults of others and from misfortunes
by which he was the chief sufferer. The documents left by him,
moreover, afford abundant material for illustrating an eventful period
in modern history. The chapters referring to Greece and Greek affairs,
accordingly, enter with especial fullness into the circumstances
of Lord Dundonald's life at this time, and his connection with
contemporary politics.

Eight other chapters recount all that was of most public interest in
the thirty years of my father's life after his return from Greece.
Except during a brief period of active service in his profession,
when he had command of the British squadron in North American and West
Indian waters, those thirty years were chiefly spent in efforts--by
scientific research, by mechanical experiment, and by persevering
argument--to increase the naval power of his country, and in efforts
no less zealous to secure for himself that full reversal of the
wrongful sentence passed upon him in a former generation, which
could only be attained by public restitution of the official rank and
national honours of which he had been deprived.

This restitution was begun by his Majesty King William IV., and
completed by our present most gracious Queen and the Prince Consort.
By the kindnesses which he received from these illustrious persons,
my father's later years were cheered; and I can never cease to be
profoundly grateful to my Sovereign, and her revered husband, for the
personal interest with which they listened to my prayer immediately
after his death. Through their gracious influence, the same banner of
the Bath that had been taken from him nearly fifty years before, was
restored to its place in Westminster Abbey, and allowed to float
over his remains at their time of burial. Thus the last stain upon my
father's memory was wiped out.

DUNDONALD. London, May 24th, 1869.

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

* * * * *

CHAPTER I.

[1775-1814.]

Introduction.--Lord Cochrane's Ancestry.--His First Occupations in
the Navy.--His Cruise in the _Speedy_ and Capture of the _Gamo_.--His
Exploits in the _Pallas_.--The beginning of his Parliamentary
Life.--His two Elections as Member for Honiton.--His Election for
Westminster.--Further Seamanship.--The Basque Roads Affair.--The
Court-Martial on Lord Gambier, and its injurious effects on Lord
Cochrane's Naval Career.--His Parliamentary Occupations.--His Visit to
Malta and its Issues.--The Antecedents and Consequences of the Stock
Exchange Trial - 1

CHAPTER II.

[1814.]

The Issue of the Stock Exchange Trial.--Lord Cochrane's Committal to
the King's Bench Prison.--The Debate upon his Case in the House of
Commons, and his Speech on that Occasion.--His Expulsion from the
House, and Re-election as Member for Westminster.--The Withdrawal of
his Sentence to the Pillory.--The Removal of his Insignia as a Knight
of the Bath - 35

CHAPTER III.

[1814-1815.]

Lord Cochrane's Bearing in the King's Bench Prison.--His Street
Lamps.--His Escape, and the Motives for it.--His Capture in the House
of Commons, and subsequent Treatment.--His Confinement in the Strong
Room of the King's Bench Prison.--His Release - 48

CHAPTER IV.

[1815-1816.]

Lord Cochrane's Return to the House of Commons.--His Share in the
Refusal of the Duke of Cumberland's Marriage Pension.--His Charges
against Lord Ellenborough, and their Rejection by the House.--His
Popularity.--The Part taken by him in Public Meetings for the Relief
of the People.--The London Tavern Meeting.--His further Prosecution,
Trial at Guildford, and subsequent Imprisonment.--The Payment of his
Fines by a Penny Subscription.--The Congratulations of his Westminster
Constituents - 74

CHAPTER V.

[1817-1818.]

The State of Politics in England in 1817 and 1818, and Lord Cochrane's
Share in them.--His Work as a Radical in and out of Parliament.--His
futile Efforts to obtain the Prize Money due for his Services at
Basque Roads.--The Holly Hill Siege.--The Preparations for his
Enterprise in South America.--His last Speech in Parliament - 109

CHAPTER VI.

[1810-1817.]

The Antecedents of Lord Cochrane's Employments in South
America.--The War of Independence in the Spanish
Colonies.--Mexico.--Venezuela.--Colombia.--Chili.--The first
Chilian Insurrection.--The Carreras and O'Higgins.--The Battle of
Rancagua.--O'Higgins's Successes.--The Establishment of the Chilian
Republic.--Lord Cochrane invited to enter the Chilian Service - 137

CHAPTER VII.

[1818-1820.]

Lord Cochrane's Voyage to Chili.--His Reception at Valparaiso and
Santiago.--The Disorganization of the Chilian Fleet.--First Signs
of Disaffection.--The Naval Forces of the Chilians and the
Spaniards.--Lord Cochrane's first Expedition to Peru.--His Attack on
Callao.--"Drake the Dragon" and "Cochrane the Devil."--Lord Cochrane's
Successes in Overawing the Spaniards, in Treasure-taking, and
in Encouragement of the Peruvians to join in the War of
Independence.--His Plan for another Attack on Callao.--His
Difficulties in Equipping the Expedition.--The Failure of
the Attempt.--His Plan for Storming Valdivia.--Its Successful
Accomplishment - 148

CHAPTER VIII.

[1820-1822.]

Lord Cochrane's Return to Valparaiso.--His Relations with the Chilian
Senate.--The third Expedition to Peru.--General San Martin.--The
Capture of the _Esmeralda_, and its Issue.--Lord Cochrane's subsequent
Work.--San Martin's Treachery.--His Assumption of the Protectorate
of Peru.--His Base Proposals to Lord Cochrane.--Lord Cochrane's
Condemnation of them.--The Troubles of the Chilian Squadron.--Lord
Cochrane's Seizure of Treasure at Ancon, and Employment of it in
Paying his Officers and Men.--His Stay at Guayaquil.--The Advantages
of Free Trade.--Lord Cochrane's Cruise along the Mexican Coast
in Search of the remaining Spanish Frigates.--Their Annexation by
Peru.--Lord Cochrane's last Visit to Callao - 177

CHAPTER IX.

[1822-1823.]

Lord Cochrane's Return to Valparaiso,--The Conduct of the Chilian
Government towards him.--His Resignation of Chilian Employment, and
Acceptance of Employment under the Emperor of Brazil.--His subsequent
Correspondence with the Government of Chili.--The Results of his
Chilian Service. - 208

CHAPTER X.

[1823.]

The Antecedents of Brazilian Independence.--Pedro I.'s Accession.--The
Internal and External Troubles of the New Empire.--Lord Cochrane's
Invitation to Brazil.--His Arrival at Rio de Janeiro, and Acceptance
of Brazilian Service.--His first Occupations.--The bad condition of
the Squadron, and the consequent Failure of his first Attack on the
Portuguese off Bahia.--His Plans for Improving the Fleet, and their
Success.--His Night Visit to Bahia, and the consequent Flight of the
Enemy.--Lord Cochrane's Pursuit of them.--His Visit to Maranham,
and Annexation of that Province and of Para.--His Return to Rio de
Janeiro.--The Honours conferred upon him. - 223

CHAPTER XI

[1823-1824.]

The Nature of the Rewards bestowed on Lord Cochrane for his first
Services to Brazil.--Pedro I. and the Portuguese Faction.--Lord
Cochrane's Advice to the Emperor.--The Troubles brought upon him by
it.--The Conduct of the Government towards him and the Fleet.--The
withholding of Prize-money and Pay.--Personal Indignities to Lord
Cochrane.--An Amusing Episode.--Lord Cochrane's Threat of Resignation,
and its Effect.--Sir James Mackintosh's Allusion to him in the House
of Commons - 246

CHAPTER XII.

[1824-1825.]

The Insurrection in Pernambuco.--Lord Cochrane's Expedition to
suppress it.--The Success of his Work.--His Stay at Maranham.--The
Disorganized State of Affairs in that Province.--Lord Cochrane's
efforts to restore Order and good Government.--Their result in further
Trouble to himself.--His Cruise in the _Piranga_, and Return to
England.--His Treatment there.--His Retirement from Brazilian
Service.--His Letter to the Emperor Pedro I.--The End of his South
American Employments - 266

CHAPTER XIII.

[1820-1825.]

The Greek Revolution and its Antecedents.--The Modern Greeks.--The
Friendly Society.--Sultan Mahmud and Ali Pasha's Rebellion.--The
Beginning of the Greek Insurrection.--Count John Capodistrias.--Prince
Alexander Hypsilantes.--The Revolution in the Morca.--Theodore
Kolokotrones.--The Revolution in the Islands.--The Greek Navy and its
Character.--The Excesses of the Greeks.--Their bad Government.--Prince
Alexander Mavrocordatos.--The Progress of the Revolution.--The
Spoliation of Chios.--English Philhellenes; Thomas Gordon, Frank Abney
Hastings, Lord Byron.--The first Greek Loan, and the bad uses to
which it was put.--Reverses of the Greeks.--Ibrahim and his
Successes.--Mavrocordatos's Letter to Lord Cochrane - 286

CHAPTER XIV.

[1825-1826.]

Lord Cochrane's Dismissal from Brazilian Service, and his Acceptance
of Employment as Chief Admiral of the Greeks.--The Greek Committee and
the Greek Deputies in London.--The Terms of Lord Cochrane's Agreement,
and the consequent Preparations.--His Visit to Scotland.--Sir Walter
Scott's Verses on Lady Cochrane.--Lord Cochrane's forced Retirement to
Boulogne, and thence to Brussels.--The Delays in fitting out the
Greek Armament.--Captain Hastings, Mr. Hobhouse, and Sir Francis
Burdett.--Captain Hastings's Memoir on the Greek Leaders and
their Characters.--The first Consequences of Lord Cochrane's new
Enterprise.--The Duke of Wellington's Message to Lord Cochrane.--The
Greek Deputies' Proposal to Lord Cochrane and his Answer.--The Final
Arrangements for his Departure.--The Messiah of the Greeks. - 318

CHAPTER XV.

[1826-1827.]

Lord Cochrane's Departure for Greece.--His Visit to London and
Voyage to the Mediterranean.--His Stay at Messina, and afterwards
at Marseilles.--The Delays in Completing the Steamships, and the
consequent Injury to the Greek Cause, and serious Embarrassment
to Lord Cochrane.--His Correspondence with Messrs. J. and S.
Ricardo.--His Letter to the Greek Government.--Chevalier Eynard, and
the Continental Philhellenes.--Lord Cochrane's Final Departure and
Arrival in Greece. - 355

CHAPTER XVI.

[1826-1827.]

The Progress of Affairs in Greece.--The Siege of Missolonghi.--Its
Fall.--The Bad Government and Mismanagement of the Greeks.--General
Ponsonby's Account of them.--The Effect of Lord Cochrane's Promised
Assistance.--The Fears of the Turks, as shown in their Correspondence
with Mr. Canning.--The Arrival of Captain Hastings in Greece, with the
_Karteria_.--His Opinion of Greek Captains and Sailors.--The Frigate
_Hellas_,--Letters to Lord Cochrane from Admiral Miaoulis and the
Governing Commission of Greece. - 368

APPENDIX.

* * * * *

I. (Page 22.)--"Resume of the Services of the late Earl of Dundonald,
none of which have been Requited or Officially Recognised," by Thomas,
Eleventh Earl of Dundonald. - 389

II. (Page 23.)--Part of a Speech delivered by Lord Cochrane in the
House of Commons, on the 11th of May, 1809, on Naval Abuses. - 397

III. (Page 258.)--A Letter written by Lord Cochrane to the Secretary
of State of Brazil on the 3rd of May, 1824. - 400

THE LIFE

OF

THOMAS, TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.--LORD COCHRANE'S ANCESTRY.--HIS FIRST OCCUPATIONS IN
THE NAVY.--HIS CRUISE IN THE "SPEEDY" AND CAPTURE OF THE "GAMO."--HIS
EXPLOITS IN THE "PALLAS."--THE BEGINNING OF HIS PARLIAMENTARY
LIFE.--HIS TWO ELECTIONS AS MEMBER FOR HONITON.--HIS ELECTION FOR
WESTMINSTER.--FURTHER SEAMANSHIP.--THE BASQUE ROADS AFFAIR.--THE
COURT-MARTIAL ON LORD GAMBIER, AND ITS INJURIOUS EFFECTS ON LORD
COCHRANE'S NAVAL CAREER.--HIS PARLIAMENTARY OCCUPATIONS.--HIS VISIT TO
MALTA AND ITS ISSUES.--THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE STOCK
EXCHANGE TRIAL.

[1775-1814.]

Thomas, Loud Cochrane, tenth Earl of Dundonald, was born at Annsfield,
in Lanark, on the 14th of December, 1775, and died in London on the
31st of October, 1860. Shortly before his death he wrote two volumes,
styled "The Autobiography of a Seaman," which set forth his history
down to 1814, the fortieth year of his age. To those volumes the
present work, recounting his career during the ensuing six-and-forty
years, is intended to serve as a sequel. Before entering upon the
later narrative, however, it will be necessary briefly to recapitulate
the incidents that have been already detailed.

The Earl of Dundonald was descended from a long line of knights and
barons, chiefly resident in Renfrew and Ayr, many of whom were men
of mark in Scottish history during the thirteenth and following
centuries. Robert Cochran was the especial favourite and foremost
counsellor of James III., who made him Earl of Mar; but the favours
heaped upon him, and perhaps a certain arrogance in the use of those
favours, led to so much opposition from his peers and rivals that he
was assassinated by them in 1480.[A]

[Footnote A: Pinkerton, the historian, gives some curious details,
illustrating not only Robert Cochran's character, but also the
condition of government and society in Scotland four centuries ago.
"The Scottish army," he says, "amounting to about fifty thousand, had
crowded to the royal banner at Burrough Muir, near Edinburgh, whence
they marched to Soutray and to Lauder, at which place they encamped
between the church and the village. Cochran, Earl of Mar, conducted
the artillery. On the morning after their arrival at Lauder, the peers
assembled in a secret council, in the church, and deliberated upon
their designs of revenge.... Cochran, ignorant of their designs, left
the royal presence to proceed to the council. The earl was attended by
three hundred men, armed with light battle-axes, and distinguished
by his livery of white with black fillets. He was clothed in a riding
cloak of black velvet, and wore a large chain of gold around his
neck; his horn of the chase, or of battle, was adorned with gold
and precious stones, and his helmet, overlaid with the same valuable
metal, was borne before him. Approaching the door of the church,
he commanded an attendant to knock with authority; and Sir Robert
Douglas, of Lochleven, who guarded the passage, inquiring the name,
was answered, 'Tis I, the Earl of Mar.' Cochran and some of his
friends were admitted. Angus advanced to him, and pulling the gold
chain from his neck, said, 'A rope will become thee better,' while
Douglas of Lochleven seized his hunting-horn, declaring that he had
been too long a hunter of mischief. Rather astonished than alarmed,
Cochran said, 'My lords, is it jest or earnest?' To which it was
replied, 'It is good earnest, and so thou shalt find it; for thou
and thy accomplices have too long abused our prince's favour. But no
longer expect such advantage, for thou and thy followers shall now
reap the deserved reward.' Having secured Mar, the lords despatched
some men-at-arms to the king's pavilion, conducted by two or three
moderate leaders, who amused James, while their followers seized the
favourites. Sir William Roger and others were instantly hanged over
the bridge at Lauder. Cochran was now brought out, his hands bound
with a rope, and thus conducted to the bridge, and hanged above his
fellows."] Later scions of the family prospered, and in 1641, Sir
William Cochrane was raised to the peerage, as Lord Cochrane of
Cowden, by Charles I. For his adherence to the royal cause this
nobleman was fined 5000_l._ by the Long Parliament in 1654; and, in
recompense for his loyalty, he was made first Earl of Dundonald by
Charles II. in 1669. His successors were faithful to the Stuarts, and
thereby they suffered heavily. Archibald, the ninth Earl, inheriting a
patrimony much reduced by the loyalty and zeal of his ancestors, spent
it all in the scientific pursuits to which he devoted himself, and
in which he was the friendly rival of Watt, Priestley, Cavendish, and
other leading chemists and mechanicians of two or three generations
ago. His eldest son, heir to little more than a famous name and a
chivalrous and enterprising disposition, had to fight his own way in
the world.

Lord Cochrane--as the subject of these memoirs was styled in courtesy
until his accession to the peerage in 1831--was intended by his father
for the army, in which he received a captain's commission. But his
own predilections were in favour of a seaman's life, and accordingly,
after brief schooling, he joined the _Hind_, as a midshipman, in June,
1793, when he was nearly eighteen years of age.

During the next seven years he learnt his craft in various ships
and seas, being helped in many ways by his uncle, the Hon. Alexander
Cochrane, but profiting most by his own ready wit and hearty love
of his profession. Having been promoted to the rank of lieutenant in
1794, he was made commander of the _Speedy_ early in 1800. This little
sloop, not larger than a coasting brig, but crowded with eighty-four
men and six officers, seemed to be intended only for playing at war.
Her whole armament consisted of fourteen 4-pounders. When her new
commander tried to add to these a couple of 12-pounders, the deck
proved too small and the timbers too weak for them, and they had to be
returned. So Lilliputian was his cabin, that, to shave himself, Lord
Cochrane was obliged to thrust his head out of the skylight and make a
dressing-table of the quarter-deck.

Yet the _Speedy_, ably commanded, was quite large enough to be of
good service. Cruising in her along the Spanish coast, Lord Cochrane
succeeded in capturing many gunboats and merchantmen, and the enemy
soon learnt to regard her with especial dread. On one memorable
occasion, the 6th of May, 1801, he fell in with the _Gamo_, a Spanish
frigate furnished with six times as many men as were in the _Speedy_
and with seven times her weight of shot. Lord Cochrane, boldly
advancing, locked his little craft in the enemy's rigging. It was, in
miniature, a contest as unequal as that by which Sir Francis Drake and
his fellows overcame the Great Armada of Spain in 1588, and with like
result. The heavy shot of the _Gamo_ riddled the _Speedy's_ sails,
but, passing overhead, did no mischief to her hulk or her men. During
an hour there was desperate fighting with small arms, and twice
the Spaniards tried in vain to board their sturdy little foe. Lord
Cochrane then determined to meet them on their own deck, and the
daring project was facilitated by one of the smart expedients in which
he was never wanting. Before going into action, "knowing," as he said,
"that the final struggle would be a desperate one, and calculating
on the superstitious wonder which forms an element in the Spanish
character," he had ordered his crew to blacken their faces; and, "what
with this and the excitement of combat, more ferocious-looking objects
could scarcely be imagined." With these men following him he promptly
gained the frigate's deck, and then their strong arms and hideous
faces soon frightened the Spaniards into submission.

The senior officer of the _Gamo_ asked for a certificate of his
bravery, and received one testifying that he had conducted himself
"like a true Spaniard." To Spain, of course, this was no sarcasm,
and on the strength of the document its holder soon obtained further
promotion.

That achievement, which cost only three men's lives, led to
consequences greater than could have been expected. Lord Cochrane,
after three months' waiting, received the rank of post captain. But
his desire that the services of Lieutenant Parker, his second in
command, should also be recompensed led to a correspondence with Earl
St. Vincent which turned him from a jealous superior into a bitter
enemy. In reply to Lord Cochrane's recommendation, Earl St. Vincent
alleged that "it was unusual to promote two officers for such a
service,--besides which the small number of men killed on board the
_Speedy_ did not warrant the application." Lord Cochrane answered,
with incautious honesty, that "his lordship's reasons for not
promoting Lieutenant Parker, because there were only three men killed
on board the _Speedy_, were in opposition to his lordship's own
promotion to an earldom, as well as that of his flag-captain to
knighthood, and his other officers to increased rank and honours; for
that, in the battle from which his lordship derived his title there
was only one man killed on board his own flagship." That was language
too plain to be forgiven.

In July, 1801, the _Speedy_ was captured by three French
line-of-battle ships, whose senior in command, Captain Palliere,
declined to accept the sword of an officer "who had," as he said,
"for so many hours struggled against impossibility," and asked Lord
Cochrane, though a prisoner, still to wear it. He, however, was
refused employment as commander of another ship. Thereupon, with
characteristic energy, he devoted his forced leisure from professional
pursuits to a year of student life at Edinburgh, where, in 1802, Lord
Palmerston was his class-fellow under Professor Dugald Stewart.

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