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The Art of War written by Baron Henri de Jomini

B >> Baron Henri de Jomini >> The Art of War




[Footnote 59: See the account of the expedition to the
Crimea.--TRANSLATORS.]




INDEX

A.

Abercrombie's descent on Egypt, 384.

Accidental lines, 103.

Action, concert of, how secured, 259.

Active armies and sieges, relation between, 152.

Advanced guard, 261, 262.
attack of the enemy's, in retreats, 243.
in armies meeting unexpectedly, 208.
in battle, 288, 289.

Advance, line of, how determined, 71.

Advantages of awaiting invasion, 17.
of elevated points for observation, 276.

Aggressive wars for conquest, 22.

Agincourt, order of battle at, 192.

Albis, position of, 181.

Alcazar, battle of, 378.

Alexander the Great, 173, 362.

Alfred the Great, 369.

Algiers, French descent on, in 1830, 386.
Spanish descent on, 382.

Alise, investment of, by Caesar, 153.

Allies, at Bautzen, 187.
defeat of, at Zurich, 112.
error of, in 1793, 107, 108.
failure of diversion of, in 1805, 219.
in war, 18.
march of, upon Leipsic, 123.

Alps, passage of, by Francis I., 168.

American Revolution, French maritime efforts during, 383.

Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland, 384.

Angouleme, Duke of, expedition of, 28.

Antony, retreat of, from Media, 233.

Antwerp, English expedition to, 385.

Archduke Charles, 294.
concentric retreat of, in 1796,238.
interior lines of, 136.
opinion of, as to small-column formation, 350.
opinion of, as to the valley of the Danube, 162.
success of, 110, 111.

Archduke Ferdinand, 53.

Armada, Spanish, 249, 378, 379.

Armament, French, at Eylau and Marengo, 47.
superior, importance of, 47, 48.

Armies, auxiliary, 170.
central, observations on, 126.
command of, 52.
French, in the Revolution, 135.
how to act, 75.
in intrenchments, 154.
in peace, how preserved, 47.
large, fitness of central lines for, 125.
large, organization of, 286.
meeting unexpectedly, advanced guard in, 208.
morale of, 60, 178, 322.
movements of, points to be attended to in, 254-256.
of French Revolution, how subsisted, 142.
of Louis XIV. and Frederick II., how subsisted, 142.
of Napoleon, operations of, 136.
promotions in, 47.
standing, effect of, on distant invasions, 171.
surprises of, 209.
two, on interior lines, 117.
two, on the same frontier, 116.
unexpected meeting of two, 207.

Armor, defensive, for cavalry, 308.

Arms and organization of cavalry, 307, 308.

Arms for irregular cavalry, 313.

Army, best means of organizing the command of, 59.

Army corps, system of, 279.

Army, defensive, proper course for, 324.
defensive, when it has the advantage, 202.
head-quarters of, when the most important point, 107.
how perfected, 43.
importance of a good, 44.
number of men in, often determines battle-formation for, 285.

Army of Boulogne, 280.
of four corps, 281.
of seven corps, 281.
offensive, proper course for, 324.
of invasion, line of defense important to, 99.
of the Rhine in 1800, 115.
permanent, necessary condition of, 49.
proportion of cavalry in, 304.
pursuing, has the advantage, 241.

Artillerists, directions for, in battle, 317.

Artillery, concentration of fire of,
in offensive line of battle, 290.
employment of, 315-318.
heavy, in defensive line of battle, 290.
importance of, to infantry, 290.
materiel of the French army in the Crimea, 388.
Napoleon's, at Wagrani, 289, 316.
post of, in line of battle, 289.
proportion of, 318.
protection of infantry from the enemy's, 303.
rules for use of, in battle, 316-318.
use of, in the offensive, 316.
who should command, 318.

Art of war, definition of, 13.
principal parts of, 66.

Assailant, advantages of, 186.

Assailant's best means of victory, 202.

Assault, beat formation of infantry for, 298.
of field-works, instances of well-arranged, 212.

Athens, naval power of, 361.

Attack, cavalry column of, 310.
close, formation for, 301.
column of, in two lines, 292.
columns of, 293, 356.
columns of, of single battalions, 298.
five methods of forming troops for, 292.
formation for, at Turin, 213.
in columns, order of, 194.
in front, 201.
in rear, 207.
of field-works, directions for, 211, 212.
of fortified places, 210.
of intrenched lines, 214.
on flank, 203.
on Sank, cavalry, 310.
when order in squares suitable for, 297.

Attacks and marches, arrangements of, 258.
in half-deep order, 302.

Audenarde, battle of, 53.

Augustus, armament of, 365.

Aulic Council, 59.

Austerlitz, 170, 179, 206.
Napoleon's order of battle at, 198.

Austria, course of, in the French Revolution, 106.
force of, in the French Revolution, 106.
fortresses of, 149.
interest of, in the French Revolution, 105.
intervention of, in 1813, 21.

Austrian army, situation of, in 1800, 112.
camp before Mayence, 157.
order at Essling and Fleurus, 200.

Austrians, surprise of, by Turenne, 246.
why victorious in 1753, 107.

Austria's adaptation to parallel retreats, 240.

Authority of counselors, 53.


B.

Balloons, difficulties in use of, 275, 276.
how they might be useful, 275.
used at Fleurus, 275.

Barbarossa, 373.

Bard, fort of, 152, 167.
importance of defile of, 87.

Base of operations, where to be established, 84.

Bases of operations, definition of, 77
of operations, how to be chosen, 79, 80.
of operations, plurality of, 78.
on the sea, 83, 84.
temporary or eventual, 84.
temporary, when necessary, 132.
with two faces, 83.

Bassano, Napoleon's march on, 131.

Battalions, deployed, in checkerwise order, 301.

Battalion squares, 296.

Batteries, 317.

Battle, advanced guard in, 288, 289.
calculation of distances in, 334.
classification of orders of, useful, 197.
combinations of, 187.
concave order of, 191.
convex order of, 192.
critical moment of, 203.
decisive moment of, 334.
defensive arrangements for, 201.

Battle-field, decisive point of, how determined, 186.
decisive point of, 187.
strategic point of, when important, 187.

Battle-formation in small columns, 350.
influence of topography upon, 299.

Battle, formation of troops for, 347-360.
influence of orders of, on result of engagements, 197.
line of, arrangement of cavalry in, 288.
line of, before the French Revolution, 277.
line of, definition of, 179.
line of, distribution of troops in, 287.
line of, post of artillery in, 289.
lines of, for two infantry corps, different formations of, 282-284.
oblique order of, 190.
of Agincourt, 192.
of Alcazar, 378.
of Audenarde, 53.
of Austerlitz, 170, 179, 198, 206.
of Bautzen, 187, 196, 317.
of Blenheim, 303.
of Cannae, 191.
of Crecy, 192.
of Ecnomos, 363.
of Essling, 192, 193, 200, 350.
of Fossano, 168.
of Jena, 90, 198, 305.
of Leipsic, 158, 192, 193, 198, 267, 305.
of Lepanto, 378.
of Leuthen, 140, 190, 229, 342.
of Millesimo, 111.
of Mollwitz, 348.
of Prague, 189, 205.
of Ramillies, 312.
of Rivoli, 179, 198, 205.
of Torgau, 205.
of Turin, 53.
of Ulm, 53, 90.
of Ulm, won by strategy, 198.
of Waterloo, 127, 129, 130, 181, 182, 183, 196, 198, 206, 294, 295,
303-306, 354, 358, 359.
offensive, object of, 188.
offensive order of, 200.
order of, 186.
order of, at Leipsic, 193.
order of, definition of, 180.
orders of, 188.
parallel order of, 188.
reinforced, 189.
when suitable, 189.
with crotchet, 189.
perpendicular order of, 190.
position for, 341.
posting troops in line of, 277.
results of, depend on what, 178.
rules for use of artillery in, 316-318.

Battle-order for cavalry, 312.

Battle-orders, various, 349.

Battles, 178.
defensive, 179.
elements of uncertainty regarding, 197.
great difficulty of tactics of, 196.
influence of musketry-fire in, 348.
offensive, 186.
of Napoleon, orders of, 198.
rules for scientific, 200.
success in, depends on maneuvering, 360.
three kinds of, 179.
what may interfere with success of, 196.

Bautzen, battle of, 187, 317.
French at, 196.

Bellegarde, 166.

Benningsen, movement of, in 1807, 109.

Benningsen's artillery reserve at Eylau, 289.
base on Koenigsberg in 1807, 152.
position in 1807, 171.
mixed system at Eylau, 352.

Beresina, passage of, 226, 245.

Berg-op-Zoom, assault of, 212.

Berthier at Leipsic, 267.

Berthier's error at Wagram, 267.
error in campaign of 1809, 265.

Blenheim, battle of, 303.

Bluecher, 53, 130.

"Boar's head" of the ancients, 194.

Bonaparte's career in Italy, 111.
expedition to Egypt, 383.

Borodino, Napoleon's order of battle at, 198.

Boulogne, army of, 280.
camp of, 279.

Bravery, first requisite for a leader, 345.

Bridges, how to secure, against fire-ships, &c., 245.
in retreats, 244.
means of destroying, 245.
protection of, after passage, 229.

Bridge-trains, importance of, 121.

Brienne, Napoleon's order of battle at, 198.

Buntzelwitz, camp of, 154.

Burgundy, Duke of, 53.


C.

Caesar's investment of Alise, 153.
maritime expeditions, 365.

Campaign, Napoleon's, of 1800, 137.
of 1793, 107.
of 1799, 111.
of 1800, 112.
of 1812, Napoleon's error in, 172.
of the Spaniards in Flanders, 171.
of the Swedes in Germany, 171.

Campaigns in mountains, instances of, 169.
in winter, 68.
of 1799 and 1800, 162.

Camp at Kehl, 167.
intrenched, influence of, 155.
intrenched, on which side of a river, 157.
intrenched, on river, 156.
of Boulogne, 279.
of Drissa, 157.

Camps and lines, intrenched, defense of, 215.
fortified, 154.
intrenched, connection of, with strategy, 154.
intrenched, instances of, 210, 211.
intrenched, maxims on, 155, 156.
intrenched, Prussian system of, 158.
intrenched, use of, 156.
intrenched, where to be established, 155.
strategic square for, 99.

Candia, siege of, 380, 381.
Turkish descent on, 379.

Cannae, order of battle at, 191.

Cantonment of Napoleon on the Passarge, 247.

Cantonments, 246.
duty of staff officers in, 256.
rules for establishing, 246.
selection of positions for, 247.

Canute, 370.

Capitals as strategic points, 87.

Capital, when the center of power, 107.

Capture of posts, means for, 216.
when important, 216.

Carbine, in cavalry-charges, 306.

Carnot, 59.
operations of, 136.

Carthage, destruction of, 364.

Carthaginians, expeditions of, 361, 362.

Cavalry, 303.
advantages of large corps of, 309.
arms and organization of, 307, 308.
arrangement of, in line of battle, 288.
at Ramillies, 312.
battle-order for, 312.
best formation of infantry against, 294.
charge at Hohenfriedberg, 305.
charge, general, 305.
charges, four kinds of, 306.
charges of the Turks, 307.
defensive armor for, 308.
divisions of five regiments, 311.
duties of, 304.
encounters of, against cavalry, 311.
flank charges of, 307.
formations of, 309-311.
importance of, in retreats, 243.
importance of, to infantry, 290.
influence of, in a war, 313, 314.
in the defensive, 306.
irregular, 313.
light, advantages of, 314.
militia as, 314, 315.
morale of, 312.
must be supported by infantry, 304.
proportion of, in an army, 304.
reserves, 288, 311.
when it should charge a line of infantry, 305.

Center, when proper point of attack, 187.

Central armies, 126.
line of Napoleon in Saxony, 124.
lines, application of, to large masses, 125.
position, when untenable, 331.

Chaeronea, 365.

Charges, irregular cavalry, 313.

Charles V. of Spain, expedition of, 377.
VIII., retreat of, to Naples, 233.
X. of Sweden, expedition of, 379.
XII. of Sweden, descent of, on Denmark, 382.

Checkerwise formation of cavalry, 310.
order, infantry, 301.

Chief of staff, 57, 253.

China, English and French expedition to, 389.

Choice of objective points, 90.

Circumvallation, lines of, 152.

Civil wars, 35.

Clairfayt, victories of, 110.

Clausewitz, erroneous assertion of, 178.
opinion of, as to movements in mountainous countries, 166.

Coalition against France in 1793, 37.
Frederick the Great, 36, 37.
Louis XIV., 36.

Coasts, influence of, on descents, 251.

Coblentz, fortification of, 157, 158.
towers of, 159.

Coburg, Prince of, 109, 193.

Column of attack, cavalry, 310.
of attack in two lines, 292.

Columns of attack, 293, 294, 356.
of attack of single battalions, 298.
of four divisions in three ranks, 294.

Combinations of battle, 187.
strategic, 72.

Combined use of the three arms, 203, 319, 320.

Commander, difficulty of selecting, 55.
essential qualities for a, 55.
importance of, 54.

Commander, first care of, on taking the field, 66.
of artillery, duties of, 319.

Command of an army, best means of organizing, 59.
of armies, 52.

Commissariat, connection of, with system of marches, 141.
of Louis XIV. and Frederick II., 142.
the, and strategy, 141.

Committee of Public Safety, 136.

Concave order of battle, 191.

Concentration of artillery-fire, 290.
in retreat, advantages of, 238.

Concentric lines, 102.
retreats, instances of, 238, 239.
system, 126.

Concert of action, how secured, 259.
in action, importance of, 42.

Conquest, difficulties of, in national wars, 31-34.
wars for, instances of, 22.

Conrad III., Crusade of, 372.

Constantinople, expeditions against, by the Russians, 368.
siege of, by the Crusaders, 373.
siege of, by Mohammed II., 375.

Contempt for the enemy, 63.

Contravallation, lines of, 152.

Control of operations, 52.

Convergent operations, 126.

Converging lines more advantageous than divergent, 118.

Continuous intrenched lines, 213.

Control of the sea, importance of, in an invasion, 30.

Convex order of battle, 192.

Copenhagen, siege of, 384.

Cordon system, 165.

Corps, organization by, likely to be permanent, 287.
organization of an army in four, 281.
organization of an army in seven, 281.
system of, 279.
two, one behind the other, 285.

Cossacks, 272, 273, 313, 314.

Council of war at seat of government, 59.

Councils of war, value of, 58.

Counselors, authority of, 53.

Coup-d'oeil, strategic, 337-345.

Coups de main, 215.
instances of, 216, 223.

Crecy, order of battle at, 192.

Crimea, details of the allied expedition to, 387-389.

Crimean War, 387.

Critical moment of battles, 203.

Crossing a river in presence of an enemy, 120.

Crotchet, parallel order of battle with, 189.

Crotchets, danger of, 182.

Crusade of 1203, 373.

Crusades, 25, 371-375.

Cuirass, 47, 308.

Cuirassiers, 308.

Culm, 221.

Cyprus, Turkish expedition against, 377.


D.


Danes, incursions of, 368, 369.

Danger of two wars at once, 36.

Dangers of auxiliary armies, 170.

Danube, Napoleon's passage of, 226.
valley of, key of Southern Germany, 162.

Decisive direction, 328.
moment of battle, 334.
point at Bautzen, 187.
point, how affected by arrangement of forces, 187.
point of battle-field, 187.
point of battle-field, how determined, 88, 186.
points, 337.
points, defiles as, 87.
points of the theater of war, 85.

Deep columns, 356.
at Waterloo, 359.
masses, 298, 302.
order, disadvantages of, 298.

Defeat, 68.
of the French at Waterloo, causes of, 359.

Defense, in mountainous countries, 163.
line of, important to an army of invasion, 99.
line of, should be short, 98.
of frontiers, 146.
of intrenched camps and lines, 215.
rivers, mountains, and defiles as eventual lines of, 96.
second lines of, 147.
should not be passive, 185.
tactical, of Switzerland, 169.
maxims for frontier, 148, 149.

Defensive armor for cavalry, 308.
army has the advantage, when, 202.
army, proper course for, 324.
arrangements for battle, 201.
battles, 179.
best formation of infantry for, 298.
cavalry in, 306.
characteristics of infantry formation for, 297.
in descents, duty of, 251.
line of battle, heavy artillery in, 290.

Defensive movements, when advised, 124.
-offensive war, 74.
or offensive system, either may be employed, 185.
the, in a level country, 164.
war, 72, 73.

Defiles as decisive points, 87.
as eventual lines of defense, 96.
in retreats, 243.

Definitive lines, 103.

Dennewitz, Ney's error at, 130.

Deployed battalions in checkerwise order, 301.
lines in two ranks, 294.
lines, two, formation of infantry in, 292.

Depots, establishment of, on march, 262.
command of, 263.
lines of, 263.
of supplies, 141.
of supplies, general maxims, 143.
secondary, 262, 263.

Descents, 248.
cases where made, 250.
difficulties of, 250.
duty of defensive in, 251.
effect of modern inventions on, 248.
more extensive in ancient times, 248.
precautions after landing, 252.
rules for conducting, 251.

D'Estaing's fleet, 383.

Detached orders of Napoleon, 259.
works, importance of, 154.

Detachments, field of operations of, should be large, 220.
four kinds of, 217.
great, 217, 219, 334.
great, instances of, 221, 222.
great, why made, 220, 221.
multiplication of, must be avoided, 221.
necessary when there is a double strategic front, 220.
of Napoleon in 1805, 222.
precise rules for, cannot be laid down, 222.
requisites in officers of, 224.
small, how useful, 224.

Detachment to form strategic reserve, illustration of, 219.

Detours, 197, 204.

Difficulty of applying theories in war, 269.

Diplomacy in invasions, 24.

Direction, lines of, their importance illustrated, 116.
of lines of operations, 115.

Discipline, importance of, 42.
importance of, in retreats, 242.

Distances in battle, calculation of, 334.

Distant expeditions, 169.
invasions across extensive territories, 171.
invasions, maxim for, 173.
invasions to aid an ally, 170.

Distribution of troops in line of battle, 287.

Divergent lines, 103.

Duke of York's expedition to Dunkirk, 91.
to Holland in 1799, 91.

Dumouriez, errors of, in 1792, 106, 107.

Dunkirk, expedition to, 91.

Duties of cavalry, 304.
of staff officers, 254-256.

Duty of a general, 324.
of statesmen in offensive wars, 17.

Diversions in zone of operations, when advantageous, 222.

Division, improper use of the term, 351.

Divisions, cavalry, of five regiments, 311.
defects of system of, 278.
remedied by Napoleon, 278.
formation by, when preferable, 286.
organization of, 279, 280.
system of, 278.

Doctoroff, warning given to, in 1812, by Seslawin, 273.

Double line of operations, when applicable, 117.
when necessary, 116.
lines of operations, 102, 110.
when advantageous, 123.
lines to be avoided, 330.
passages of rivers, 230.
strategic front, 95.
wars, 36.
wars of Napoleon, 37.

Dragoons, 308.
concentration of, by Emperor
Nicholas, 309.

Drepanum, 363.

Dresden, 305.
intrenched camp at, 155, 211.
Napoleon's order of battle at, 198.
victory at, 124.

Drissa, camp of, 155, 157.

Divergent lines, when advantageous, 118.
operations, 126.
retreats, when admissible, 239.

Diversions, 218.
instances of, 218.
when useful, 218.


E.

Eccentric lines, 237.
retreat. Bulow's use of the term,
237.

Eccentric system, 126.

Echelon, order of battle by, 193.

Echelons, order in, 193.
squares in, 297.

Ecnomos, victory of, 363.

Edward III. of England, 376.

Egypt, expedition of John of Brienne against, 374.

Ehrenbreitstein, 158.

Elchingen, Ney at, 182.

Elective governments, weakness of, 46.

Elevated points, advantage of, for observation, 276.

Elongated squares, 296, 297.

Employment of artillery, 315-318.

Encounters of cavalry against cavalry, 311.

Enemy, bodies of, near line of operations, 67.
contempt for, 63.
how dislodged, 188.
how to drive from his position, 201, 202.
should not be paid to leave a country, 242.

Enemy's movements, importance of knowing, 268.

England controls the sea, 173.
invasion of, by Sweyn, 370.
projected invasion of, by Napoleon, 249, 250, 386.

England's attack on Washington in 1814, 385.

English and French expedition to China, 389.

English, descents of, on France, 376.
expedition against Napoleon in 1815, 385.
expedition in 1762 against Havana, 382.
maritime expeditions, 384-390.
squares at Waterloo, 294.

Enthusiasm, importance of, 41.
not military spirit, 62.

Epaminondas, 190.

Error of Napoleon in campaign of 1812, 172.

Error of the allies in 1793, 107, 108.

Errors in strategy, 91.

Essential bases of military policy, 49.

Essling, 192, 193, 200, 350.
Napoleon at, 158.
Napoleon's order of battle at, 198.
order of battle at, 192, 193.

Eugene at Turin, 153.
march of, 141.

Eventual bases, 84.
lines of defense, 96.

Expediency, wars of, 18.

Expedition of Prince Koudacheff, 273.
to the Crimea, details of, 387-389.

Expeditions, assistance of fleets in, 174.
distant, 169.
marine, in modern times, 249.
maritime, 361-390.
of the ancients, 248.
of the Middle Ages, 171.
partly on land, partly by sea, 173.

Extended movements, when dangerous, 204.

Exterior lines of operations, 102.

Extermination, wars of, 34.

Eylau, 305, 306, 318, 352.
French armament at, 47.
Napoleon's march on, 94.
Napoleon's order of battle at, 198.
Russian artillery reserve at, 289.
Russian order at, 295.


F.

Famous retreats, instances of, 233.

Field, strategic, of 1806, 113.

Field-works, directions for attack of, 211, 212.
instances of well-arranged assaults on, 212.

Final reserves, 203.

Financial considerations, 50.

Fire-arms, influence of improvements in, on war, 347, 355, 359.

Fire-signals, how used, 276.

Flank attack, 203.
attack, cavalry, 310.
charges of cavalry, 307.
marches, 139, 140.
marches, where inadmissible, 140.
tactical maneuver by, 140.

Flanks of companies, movement by, 300, 301.
protection of, in tactical positions, 182.

Fleets, assistance of, in expeditions, 174.

Fleurus, 136, 193, 200.
balloons used at, 275.
order of battle at, 192.

Foot-artillery in line of battle, 289.
in the offensive, 316.

Forests, advantages of, in retreats, 183.

Formation by divisions, when preferable, 286.
for attack at Turin, 213.
for battle in small columns, 350.
for battle, Napoleon's system, 278, 279.
for battle often determined by size of army, 285.
for battle, Prussian and Austrian system, 354.
for close attack, 301.
of infantry for attack, five methods of, 292.
in two ranks, 356.
of troops for battle, 347-350.

Formations of cavalry, 309-311.
of lines of battle for two infantry corps, 282-284.
various, for infantry, 285.

Fortification of Coblentz, 157, 158.

Fortifications, remark upon, 151.

Fortified camps, 154.
places, attack of, 210.
places on the sea-coast, importance of, 152.
places, when a misfortune, 152.

Fortresses at Mayence, 150.
greatest advantages of, 150.
large, when preferable, 150.
number and position of, 149.
of France and Austria, 149.
on frontiers, 148.
relation of, to strategy, 148, 150.

Forts in a mountainous country, 151.
purposes of, 146.

Fossano, battle of, 168.

Four-rank formation of infantry, 291.

France adapted to parallel retreats, 240.
coalition against, in 1793, 37.
course and error of, in 1792, 105.
fortresses of, 149.
intention of, when declaring war in 1792, 105.
invasions of, by the English, 376.

Francis I., passage of the Alps by, 168.

Frederick the Great, 36, 37.
at Leuthen, 229.
at Prague, 205.
at Torgau, 206.
commissariat of, 142.
defensive-offensive operations of, 74.
maneuver of, at Leuthen, 141.
military genius of, 16.

Frederick II., Crusade of, 374.

French and English expedition to China, 389.

French armies in the Revolution, 135.
armies, situation of, in 1800, 112.
at Bautzen, 196.
at Fleurus, why successful, 193.
at Waterloo, 196.
capture of Vera Cruz by, in 1838, 386.
causes of defeat of, at Waterloo, 359.
cavalry, 313.
columns at Waterloo, 351.
defeat of, at Stockach, 111.
descent on Algiers in 1830, 386.
errors in 1795, 136.
expedition to Syria, 390.
in Bohemia in 1742, 171.
invasions of 1766 and 1795, 120.

French, maritime efforts of, during American Revolution, 383.
operations in Italy, 112.
operations of, at close of 1793, 331-333.
operations of, in 1794, 108.
order at Essling and Fleurus, 200.
order at Minden, 278.
plan in 1799, error of, 110.
Revolution, 26-28.
Revolution, armies of, how subsisted, 142.
Revolution, course of Austria in, 106.
Revolution, course of Prussia in, 105, 106.
Revolution, interest of Austria in, 105.
Revolution, lines of operations in the wars of, 104.
Revolution, relation of Italy to, 104.
Revolution, relation of Prussia and Austria to, 104.
Revolution, theater of operations in, 104.
Revolution, zones of operations in, 105.

Frontier defenses, maxims for, 148, 149.
when a permanent line of defense, 96.

Frontiers, defense of, 146.
disadvantage of fortresses on, 148.
how to be fortified, 152.
mountains as, 146.
rivers as, 147.

Front of operations, 330, 338.
of operations, extent of, 98.
of operations, how varied, 93.
strategic, change of, 94.
strategic, not to be too extended, 98.

Fronts of operations, 92.

Fronts, strategic, 92.

Fundamental principle of war, 66.
maxims of, 70.
principles for employment of troops, 328.