A Short History of Monks and Monasteries written by Alfred Wesley Wishart

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INDEX

A

Abbey, _see_ Monastery.
Abbot, meaning of word, 425;
as father of family of monks, 143;
election of, 144;
description of installation of, 145;
wealth and political influence of, 147;
disorders among lay, 179;
as a feudal lord, 373;
in legislative assemblies, 400.
Abelard opposed by Bernard, 196.
Abraham, St., the hermit, 50;
quoted, 60.
Abstinence, no virtue in false, 419.
Accountability, personal, sense of maintained by monks, 414.
Act of Succession, 298.
Agriculture, monasteries centers of, 155;
and the Cistercian monks, 192;
fostered by monks, 403.
_See_ Benedict, Order of St.
Alaric the Goth sacks Rome, 103.
Albans, St., Abbey of, Morton on its vices, 338.
Albertus Magnus, a Dominican, 242.
Albigensians, Hallam on doctrines of, 232;
Hardwick on same, 233;
Dominic preaches against, 234;
Dominic's part in crusade against, 235.
Alcuin, on corruptions of monks, 173;
education and, 167.
Alexander IV., Pope, on the stigmata of St. Francis, 221;
and the University of Paris quarrel, 250.
Alfred, King, the Great, complains of monks, 173;
his reformatory measures, 181.
Alien Priories, confiscated, 338;
origin of, 340.
Allen, on the fate of the Templars, 202;
on Dominic and the Albigensian crusade, 238;
on spiritual pride of the Mendicants, 257;
on the genius of feudalism, 373;
on the deficiencies of monastic characters, 394.
Alms-giving, _see_ Charity.
Alverno, Mount, and the stigmata of St. Francis, 219.
Ambrose, embraces ascetic Christianity, 84;
Theodosius on, 115;
saying of Gibbon applied to, 116;
describes Capraria, 126;
his influence on Milanese women, 126.
Ammonius, the hermit, visits Rome, 72.
Anglicans, claims of, respecting the early British Church, 162.
Anglo-Saxons and British Christianity, 164.
Anglo-Saxon Church, effect of Danish invasion on, 181;
effect of Dunstan's work on, 187.
_See_ Britain.
Anslem, of Canterbury, on flight from the world, 369.
Anthony, St.,
visits Paul of Thebes, 37;
his strange experiences, 38;
buries Paul, 41;
birth and early life of, 43;
his austerities, 44, 45;
miracles of, 46;
his fame and influence, 47;
his death, 48;
Taylor on biography of, 48.
Ap Rice, a Royal Commissioner, 311.
Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, 242.
Ascetic, The, his morbid introspection, 392;
meaning of word, 425.
_See_ Monks and Hermits.
Asceticism, in India, 18-20, 357;
among Chaldeans, 20;
in China, 20;
among the Greeks, 21, 22;
the Essenes, 23;
in apostolic times, 27;
the Gnostics, 27;
and the Bible, 30, 366;
in post-apostolic times, 31;
modifications of, under Basil, 64;
protests against, in early Rome, 124;
various forms of, 385;
effects of, 391, 401.
_See_ Monasticism.
Aske, Robert, heads revolt against Henry VIII., 326.
Athanasius, St., visits hermits, 35;
his life of Anthony, 42;
influence of same on Rome, 80, 83;
spreads Pachomian rule, 63;
visits Rome, 71,
and effect of, 80;
visits Gaul, 119;
his saying on fasting, 121.
Atonement, for sin, the monk's influence on doctrine of, 417.
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, his life, and services to monasticism,
117, 119;
influenced by biography of Anthony, 43;
on marriage and celibacy, 112;
charges monks with fraud, 128.
Augustine, Rule of, adopted by Dominic, 232, 241.
Augustine, the monk, his mission to England, 161.
Augustinians, 246.
Aurelius, Emperor, Christianity during reign of, 124.
Austerities, Robertson on, 94.
_See_ Asceticism and Self-denial
Austin Canons, 118.

B

Bacon, Roger, a Franciscan, 228;
imprisonment of, 407.
Bagot, Richard, on the English reformation, 345.
Bale, John, on the fall of the monasteries, 333.
Baluzii, on the prosperity of the Franciscans, 255.
Bangor, Monastery of, founded, 123;
slaughter of its monks, 165.
Barbarians, the struggle of the monks with, 148, 149, 170;
conversion of, 398.
Basil the Great, 63;
revolts against excessive austerities, 64;
founder of Greek monasticism, 64, 65;
his rules, 65;
adopts irrevocable vows, 65;
on marriage, 66;
enforces strict obedience, 66.
Bede, The Venerable, on the British
Church, 123; on monks and
animals, 156.
Begging Friars, _see_ Mendicants,
Franciscans and Dominicans.
Benedict, Pope, XI., 221; XII.,
consecrates Monte Cassino,
135; on the stigmata of St.
Francis, 221.
Benedict of Aniane, his attempted
reform, 176.
Benedict, of Nursia, birth and
early life, 131; his trials, 132;
his fame attracts followers, 133;
his strictness provokes opposition,
133; retires to Monte Cassino,
134; conquers Paganism,
135; his miracles and power
over barbarians, 137; his last
days, 13 8; his rules, 138; Schaff
on same, 148; Cardinal Newman
on mission of, 149; saying
of, on manual labor, 403.
Benedict, Order of St., 131; rules
of, 138; the novitiate, 140;
daily life of monks, 140; meaning
of term "order," 143;
abbots of, 144; manual labor,
147, 403; Schaff on rules of,
148; its dealings with barbarians,
148, 398; its literary and
educational services, 151; its
agricultural work, 155, 404;
spread of, 158; its followers
among the royalty, 159.
Bernard, of Clairvaux, his birth
and monastic services, 193;
character of his monastery,
192; on drugs and doctors,
194; his reforms, 195; Vaughan
on, 195; Storrs on, 197; the
Crusades, 197; on the abuses
of charity, 411.
Bernardone, Peter, father of Francis,
208. _See_ Francis.
Bethlehem, Jerome's monasteries
at, 85, 88; Paula establishes
monasteries at, 100.
Bible, The, and monasticism, 30,
376.
Bigotry, of monks, 394.
Biography, monastic history centers
in, 84.
Bjoernstrom, on the stigmata, 223.
Blaesilla, murmurs against monks
at her funeral, 125.
Blunt, on the: fall of the monasteries,
333.
Boccaccio, comments on his visit
to Monte Cassino, 136.
Boleyn, Anne, and Henry VIII.,
294.
Bollandists, Catholic, on Dominic
and the Inquisition, 238.
Bonaventura, on the stigmata of
Francis, 220; a Franciscan, 228;
on vices of the monks, 337.
Boniface, the apostle to the Germans,
167.
Bonner, Bishop, persuades Prior
Houghton to sign oath of
supremacy, 303.
Brahminism, asceticism under, 19.
Britain, Tertullian, Origen, and
Bede, on Christianity in, 123;.
relation of early church in, to
Rome, 162; monasticism in,
162, 168.
Brotherhood of Penitence, 229.
Bruno, the abbot of Cluny, 177.
Bruno, founder of Carthusian order,
188; Ruskin on the order, 189;
the monastery of the Chartreuse, 189;
his eulogy of solitude, 396.
Bryant, poem of, on fall of monasteries, 353.
Buddha, on the ascetic life, 357.
Buddhism, asceticism under, 19.
Burke, Edmund, quoted by Gasquet on fall of monasteries, 312.
Burnet, on report of Royal Commissioners, 316.
Bury, Father, on Chinese monks, 20.

C

Cambridge, University of, the friars at, 252, 405.
Campeggio, Cardinal, the divorce proceedings of Henry VIII. and, 294.
Capraria, Rutilius and Ambrose on island of, 126.
Capuchins, 246.
Carlyle, Thomas, on Mahomet, 33;
quotes Jocelin on Abbot Samson's election, 145;
on the twelfth century, 157;
on the monastic ideal, 174;
on Jesuitical obedience, 271;
views of, criticised, 278.
Carmelites, 246.
Carthusians, The, establishment of, 188;
famous monastery of, 189;
rules of, 189;
in England, 191, 334.
_See_ Charterhouse.
Cassiodorus, the literary labors of, 152.
Casuistry, of the Jesuits, 272; 429.
Catacombs, visited by Jerome, 87.
Catharine, of Aragon, Henry's divorce from, 293.
Catholic, Roman, _see_ Rome, Church of.
Celibacy, praised by Jerome and Augustine, 112;
views of Helvidius on, opposed by Jerome, 113;
the struggle to establish sacerdotal, 183;
Lingard on, 183;
Lea on, 184;
vow of, 380;
and Scripture teaching, 381;
early Fathers on, 381;
a modern ecclesiastic's reasons for, 381;
how vow of, came to be imposed, 382;
no special virtue in, 419.
Cellani, Peter, Dominic retires to house of, 238;
Celtic Church, _see_ Britain.
Cenobites, meaning of term, 425;
origin of, in the East, 57;
habits of early, 58;
aims of, 60.
Chalcis, desert of, 87.
Chaldea, asceticism in, 20.
Chalippe, Father Candide, on miracles of saints, 224.
Channey, Maurice, on fall of the Charterhouse, 302.
Channing, William E., on various manifestations of the ascetic
spirit, 385;
on exaggerations of monasticism, 415.
Chapter, The,
defined, 144;
of Mats, 228.
Chapuys, despatches of, to Charles V., 297.
Charity, of monks, 348, 410;
true and false, 348, 412;
Bernard, Jacob of Vitry and Lecky on abuses of, 411;
as a passport to Heaven, 411.
Charlemagne, 118.
Charles V., Emperor, Pole writes to, 296;
Chapuy's despatches to, 297.
Charterhouse, of London, 191;
execution of monks of, 301, 334;
and the progress of England, 343.
_See_ Carthusians.
Chartreuse, Grand, monastery, 189.
Chastity, vow of, in Pachomian rule, 61.
_See_ Celibacy.
China, asceticism in, 20.
Chinese monks, Father Bury on, 20.
Christ, _see_ Jesus Christ.
Christian clergy, character of, in the fourth century, 77.
Christian ideal, tending toward fanaticism, 129.
Christian discipleship, nature of true, 390.
Christianity, asceticism and apostolic, 27, 28, 31;
conquers Roman empire, 71, 76;
endangered by success, 77;
in Rome in the fourth century, 79;
Lord on same, 80;
is opposed to fanaticism, 94;
in ancient Britain, 123, 161, 162;
Clarke on, 171;
Mozoomdar on essential principle of, 359;
requires some sort of self-denial, 390, 418, 419;
monasticism and, compared, 420;
monasticism furnishes example of, 422.
_See_ Britain and Church.
Chrysostom, becomes an ascetic, 84;
brief account of life of, 116;
monastic cause furthered by, 117.
Church, Christian, the triumphant, compared with church in age of
persecution, 109;
ideal of, furthers monasticism, 129;
and the barbarians, 149;
of the thirteenth century, 206;
its life-ideal, 369;
its union with paganism, 370.
_See_ Anglo-Saxon Church, Britain, and England, Church of.
Cistercian Order, the monks and rule of, 192;
decline of, 193.
Citeaux, Monastery at, 192.
Civic duties and monasticism, 399.
_See_ Monasticism.
Clairvaux, Bernard of, _see_ Bernard;
Monastery of, 193.
Clara, St., Nuns of, founded, 228.
Clarke, William Newton, on Christianity of first and second
centuries, 171.
Clarke, James Freeman, on Brahmin ascetics, 20.
Classics, Jerome's fondness for the, 95;
the monks and the, 405.
Clement XIV., Pope, dissolves the Society of Jesus, 279.
Clergy of the Christian Church, 77.
Clinton, Lord, on the work of suppression, 311.
Cloister, 426.
_See_ Monastery.
Cluny, Monastery at, 177;
the congregation of, 178.
Coke, Sir Edward, quoted, 329.
Columba, St., his church relations, 162.
Commissioners, The Royal, appointed to visit monasteries of England,
their methods, 308, 333;
character of, 311;
begin their work, 313;
their report, 316;
Parliament acts on same, 319.
Confession, among the Jesuits, 269.
Conscience, liberty of, renounced by monks, 394.
Constantine the Great, 71.
Contemplation, John Tauler on, 395;
Bruno on, 396.
Convents. _See_ Monasteries.
Copyright, first instance of quarrel for, 170.
Council, of Saragossa, 122;
of Trent, 382;
Lateran, 242.
Court of Augmentation, 319.
Crocella, Santa, chapel of, 131;
Romanus the monk, 131.
Cromwell, Richard, on Sir John Russell, 326.
Cromwell, Thomas, his life and aims, 308;
Green and Froude on, 309;
his religious views, 309;
Foxe and Gasquet on character of, 310;
becomes Vicegerent, 310;
inspires terror and hatred, 324;
his removal demanded, 326;
overcomes the Pilgrims of Grace, 326;
bribed for estates, 329.
Cross, loyalty to the, fostered by monks, 414;
power of the doctrine of, 418.
Crusades, effect of, on monastic types, 373.
_See_ Military Orders and Bernard.
Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, 61;
and murder of Hypatia, 68.

D

Damian, Church of St., repaired by Francis, 211, 214.
Danish invasion of England, its consequences, 180.
Dante, on Francis and poverty, 215.
Democracy, Christian, and monasticism, 422.
Desert, Jerome on attractions of, 89.
De Tocqueville, on self-subjection, 143.
Dhaquit, the Chaldean, quoted, 20.
Dharmapala, on the ascetic ideal in India, 357.
Dill, Samuel, on Rome's fall and the Christian Church, 74, 79, 108,
109.
Domestic life, a field of forbidden fruit, 394, 398.
_See_ Family-ideal and Jerome.
Dominic, St., Innocent III. dreams of, 216;
early life of, 230;
his mother's dream, 231;
visits Languedoc, 232;
rebukes papal legates, 234;
his crusade against Albigensians, 234;
his relation to the Holy Inquisition, 235;
establishes his order, 239;
at Rome, 239;
his self-denial and death, 240;
canonized, 241.
Dominic, St., Nuns of, 242.
Dominicans, The, the Inquisition and, 238;
order of, founded, 239;
constitution of the order of, 241;
spread of, 241;
eminent members, 242;
three classes of, 242;
the preaching of, 249;
quarrel with the Franciscans, 249;
enter England, 251;
fatal success and decline of, 253, 256;
on the stigmata of Francis, 221;
liberal education and, 408.
Ducis, on the Hermits, 32.
Duns Scotus, a Franciscan, 228.
Dunstan, reforms of, 182;
his character and life-work, 186.

E

East, monasticism in the, _see_ Monasticism and Monks.
Echard, a Dominican, 242.
Eckenstein, Lina, on Morton's letter, 339.
Edersheim, on the Essenes, 24.
Edgar, King, aids Dunstan in reform, 186.
Education, The Mendicants and, 248;
the monks further, in England, 253;
the effect of monasticism on, 407.
Edward I. and III., confiscate alien priories, 338.
Egypt, The hermits of, 33;
Kingsley and Waddington on same, 34.
Elijah, and asceticism, 30.
Elizabeth, Princess, and the Act of Succession, 298.
Endowments of monasteries, abolished by first Mendicants, 244;
reason for some, 361.
England, Church of, separates from Rome, 328;
causes of, and by whom separation secured, 340, 342.
_See_ Britain.
Essenes, asceticism of, 23.
Ethelwold, aids Dunstan, 186.
Eudoxia, Empress, banishes Chrysostom, 117.
Eustochium, _see_ Paula.

F

Fabiola, St., Lecky on her charities, 105;
her care for sick, 105;
her death, 105.
Family-ideal, of monastery, Taunton on, 143.
_See_ Domestic Life.
Fanaticism, Christianity hostile to, 94;
tendency toward, among early Christians, 129.
Farrar, on the luxury of Rome, 75.
Fasting, amusing instance of rebellion of monks against, 120;
Athanasius on, 121.
_See_ Self-denial, Ascetic and Asceticism.
Ferdinand, of Austria, educated by Jesuits, 277.
Feudalism, monasticism affected by, 373.
Finnian, the monk, quarrels with Columba, 170.
Fisher, G.P., on the stigmata of Francis, 223.
Fisher, execution of, by Henry VIII., 301, 306.
Filial love, strangulation of, by monks, 397.
Forsyth, on St. Francis, 225.
Foxe, on Thomas Cromwell, 310.
France, New, and the Jesuits, 282.
Francis, St., his birth and early years, 208;
his dreams and sickness, 209;
visits Rome, 210;
seeking light on his duty, 210, 211;
sells his father's merchandise and keeps proceeds, 211;
renounces his father, 212;
assumes monkish habit, 213;
repairs Church of St. Damian, 214;
Dante on poverty and, 215;
visits Innocent III., 216;
visits Mohammedans, 217; a
lover of birds, 217;
Longfellow's poem on a homily of, 218;
his temptations, 218;
the stigmata, 219;
death of, 224;
his character, 225;
his rule, 226;
on prayer and preaching, 249;
method of, forsaken, 421.
Franciscans, The, first year of, 215;
order of, sanctioned, 216, 217;
three classes of, 226;
the rule of, 226;
Sabatier on rule of, 227;
the title "Friars Minor," 227;
number of, 228;
St. Clara and, 228;
The Third Order of, 229;
quarrel over the vow of poverty, 246;
prosperity of, 246;
educational work of, 248;
quarrel with Dominicans, 249;
settle in England, 251;
Baluzii on success of, 255;
fatal success of, 253.
Fratricelli, sketch of the, 247.
Freedom, religious, want of, 402.
Friars, Begging, _see_ Franciscans, Dominicans and Mendicants.
Friars Minor, 227.
Froude, on the Charterhouse monks, 302, 304;
on Thomas Cromwell, 309;
on the report of the Royal Commissioners, 317;
on the Catholics and the Reformation, 346.
Future punishment, the monks and the doctrine of, 417.

G

Gairdner, on Henry's breach with Rome, 301.
Galea, the Goth, awed by St. Benedict, 137.
Gardiner, burns heretics, 311.
Gasquet, on Thomas Cromwell, 310;
quotes Burke on the suppression, 312.
Gauls, monastic, complain to St. Martin, 120.
Germany, monasticism enters, 122.
Gervais, reason for his donations, 361.
Gibbon, on bones of Simeon, 57;
on Egyptian monks, 62;
on Roman marriages, 110;
saying of, applied to Ambrose, 116;
on military orders, 199;
quotes Zosimus, 348;
on the monastic aim, 362;
on the character of the monks, 388.
Gindeley, on the Jesuits and the Thirty Years' War, 277.
Giovanni di San Paolo, on gospel perfection, 226.
Glastonbury, fall of Abbey of, 314.
Gnostics, and asceticism, 27, 366.
Godfrey de Bouillon, endows Hospital of St. John, 201.
Godric, his unique austerities, 132.
Goldsmith, on the English character, 166.
Grand Chartreuse, monastery, 189.
Greece, asceticism in, 20.
Greeks, ancient, asceticism among the, 21.
Greek Church, monasticism of the, 64, 67.
Green, J.R., on the preaching friars, 254;
on Thomas Cromwell, 309;
on the suppression, 323.
Gregory of Nazianza, on ascetic moderation, 65.
Gregory, Pope, I., 138;
II., 135;
VII., 160, 178;
IX., 241;
X., 245.
Gregory, St., Monastery of, rules of, 141.
Griffin, Henry, on the Royal Commissioners, 311.
Grimke, on historic movements, 84.
Guigo, rules of, 190;
on vow of obedience, 383.
Guizot, on state of early Europe, 149;
on the Benedictines, 404;
on monastic education, 407.
Gustavus, contrasted to monks, 394.
Guzman, _see_ Dominic.

H

Hallam, on the Albigensians, 233, 235;
on the suppression, 334;
on charity of the monks, 349.
Happiness, the key to, 392.
Hardwick, on the Albigensian doctrines, 233.
Harnack, on early ascetics, 28;
on nominal Christianity of Rome, 77;
on life-ideal in the early church, 129;
on monasticism and the church, 414.
Hell, the monks' teachings about, 417.
Helvidius, on celibacy, 113.
Henry, King, II., and the British church, 165;
III., invites students to England, 252;
IV., confiscates alien priories, 338.
Henry VIII., and the independence of English church, 163;
and the fall of the monasteries, 286;
opinions respecting his character, 288, 290;
inconsistencies of, 291;
"Defender of the Faith," 293;
his divorce from Catharine, 293;
breach with Rome, 294, 300;
dangers to his throne, 295;
monks enraged at, 296;
as "Head of the Church," 297, 298;
Act of Succession, 298;
Oath of Supremacy, 298, 301;
excommunicated, 306;
the struggle for power, 324;
suppresses "Pilgrims of Grace," 326;
his use of monastic revenues, 328, 330;
Coke on his promises to Parliament, 329;
his motives for the suppression, 332;
Hooper on reforms of, 339;
an unconscious agent of new forces, 344;
two epochs met in reign of, 346;
Lecky on his use of monastic funds, 411.
Heresy, growth of, in thirteenth century, 206;
monks attempt extirpation of, 261, 402;
Jesuits and, 276, 409.
Heretical sects, attack vices of monks, 245.
Hermit life, founder of, 35;
unsuited to women, 107.
Hermits, The, of India, 20;
of Egypt, 33;
their mode of life, 49;
visit Rome, 71;
effect of story of, in Rome, 71, 80, 84;
of Augustine, 246.
Hilarion, the hermit, 49.
Hildebrand, _see_ Gregory VII.
Hill, on manual labor, 142;
on fall of monasticism, 345.
History, monastic contributions to, 406.
Hoensbroech, Count Paul von, on Jesuitical discipline, 268.
Holiness, false views of, 421.
_See_ Soul-purity and Salvation.
Holy Land, motives for exodus to, 97.
Holy Maid of Kent, 337.
Home-life, not to be despised, 420.
Honorius, III., Pope, sanctions Franciscan Order, 217;
confirms Dominican Order, 239.
Hooper, Bishop, on Henry's reforms, 339.
Hospital, Knights of, _see_ Knights.
Hospitals, founded by Fabiola, 105;
Lecky on, 105;
result of woman's sympathy, 111.
Houghton, Prior, _see_ Charterhouse.
Household duties, Jerome on, 114.
_See_ Domestic Life.
House of Lords, majority in the, changed, 347.
Houses, Religious, _see_ Monasteries.
Hugh, St., of Lincoln, and the swan, 157;
Ruskin on, 189.
Human affection, monks indifferent to, 394, 397.
Hume, on the suppression, 333.
Hypatia, Kingsley's, quoted, 61;
death of, 48.

I

Ideal, monastie, 354. _See_ Monasticism.
Ignatius, St., _see_ Loyola.
Independence, Jesuitism and personal, 270;
of thought, renounced by monks, 394.
_See_ Freedom, Liberty.
India, asceticism in, 18, 357.
India, monasticism in, 18, 357, 358;
causes of same, 355.
Individual, influence of the, 91;
effect of self-sacrifice upon the, 390;
effect of solitude upon the, 393.
Industry, modern, not to be despised, 420.
Innocent, Pope, III., 216, 234, 239, 242;
IV., 250;
VIII., 339.
Inquisition, The Holy, the Albigensian crusade and, 233;
relation of Dominicans toward, 235;
its establishment and management, 238.
Intellectual progress, monasticism opposed to true, 407;
in Europe, 409.
Introspection, evil effects of morbid, 392.
Iona, Monastery of, 168.
Ireland, St. Patrick labors in, 123;
monasteries of, as centers of culture, 169.
Isidore, the hermit, visits Rome, 72.
Itineracy, substituted for seclusion in cloister, 244.

J

Jacob of Vitry, on abuses of charity, 411.
James, the Apostle, quoted on rich men, 377.
Jerome, St., his life of Paul of Thebes, 35;
on Pachomian monks, 59;
his letter to Rusticus, 59;
on solitude, 61;
on number of Egyptian monks,
63; on clergy of the fourth and
fifth centuries, 77; in his cell,
85; Schaff on, 86; his birth
and early life, 86; his travels,
and austerities, 87, 92; organizes
monastic brotherhood,
88; his literary labors, 88;
glorifies desert life, 89; influences
Rome, 91; his temptations,
93; his fondness for the
classics, 95; his biographies of
Roman nuns, 96; his life of
St. Paula, 97, and of Marcella,
102; on folly of Roman women,
108; on marriage and celibacy,
112; on household duties, 113;
attacks the foes of monks, 127;
on vices of monks, 128; on
monastic aim, 360; on the
natural, 366.
Jesuits, _see_ Jesus, The Society of.
Jesuits, The Pagan, 22, 426.
Jesus Christ, the Essenes and, 26;
quoted by early ascetics, 31,
and by Jerome, 92; teachings
of, used by monks, 366, 376;
his doctrine of wealth, 377;
his attitude toward rich men,
379; the doctrine of the cross
and, 418.
Jesus, The Society of, Sherman on
nature of, 258; rejects seclusion,
258; Bishop Keane on,
259, 273; how differs from
other monastic communities,
259; founded by Loyola, 264;
constitution and polity of, 265;
grades of members of, 265;
vow of obedience in, 266; von
Hoensbroech on, 268; confession
in, 269; Carlyle on
obedience in, 271; casuistry of,
272, 429; its doctrine of probabilism,
274; the Roman
Church and, 275; Roman foes
of, 276; mission of, 276; its attitude
toward Reformation, 277;
the Thirty Years' War and, 277;
calumnies against, 279; Clement
XIV. dissolves, 279; expulsion
of, from Europe, 279;
missionary labors of, 280; Parkman
contrasts, with Puritans,
281; failure of, 283; restoration
of, 283; causes for rise of,
374; hostility of, to free government,
402; liberal education
opposed by, 409. _See_ Loyola.
Jewish asceticism, 23.
Jocelin, quoted by Carlyle, 145.
John, King, confiscates alien
priories, 338.
John, St., Knights of, _see_ Knights.
John, St., of Calama, visits his
sister in disguise, 397.
John, the Apostle, on love of the
world, 377.
John the Baptist, and asceticism,
30.
Johnson, on Monastery of Iona,
168.
Joseph, St., Church of, in England,
163.
Josephus on the Essenes, 23.
Jovinian, hostility of, toward
monks, 127; compared by
Neander to Luther, 127.
Julian, Emperor, the exodus of
monks and the, 127.
Juvenal, satire of, on Roman
women, 82.

K

Keane, Bishop, on the Jesuits,
259, 273.
Kennaquhair, installation of abbot
of, 145.
King, on Hildebrand, 178.
Kingsley, on Egypt and the hermits,
34; on Roman women,
82, 106; on fall of Rome, 78,
367.
Knights of St. John, their origin
and mission, 200.
Knights of the Hospital, sketch
of the, 198.
Knights Templars, rule of the,
197; rise and fall of, 202.

L

Labor, manual, Jerome on, 59;
in Pachomian rule, 60; Hill on
benefits of, 142; among the
Benedictines, 147, 404; Benedict
on, 403; effect of Mendicants
on, 404; not to be despised,
420.
Lama, Grand, in India, 21.
Lateran Council, 242.
Latimer, Bishop, and the monastic
funds, 323.
Laumer, St., and wild animals,
156.
Laveleye on Christianity, 378.
Lay abbots, disorders among the,
179.
Layton, a Royal Commissioner,
311. 312.
Lea, on celibacy, 184; on the
Reformation, 342.
Learning, influence of Alcuin
and Wilfred on, 167; Irish
monasteries as centers of, 169;
monks further, in England,
252; the monks and secular,
406; effects of monasticism on
the course of, 407. _See_ Literary
services.
Lecky, on Fabiola's hospitals, 105;
on asceticism and civilization,
401; on industry and the monastic
ideal, 405; on abuses of
alms-giving, 411; on the monastic
doctrines of hell, 418.
Legh, a Royal Commissioner, 311.
Leo X., Pope, 293.
Liberty, the Jesuits on, 375. _See_
Freedom and Independence.
Libraries, monastic, 152.
Lincoln, Abraham, quoted, 205.
Lingard, on Bede and the conversion
of King Lucius, 124;
on the Anglo-Saxon Church,
181.
Literary services of monks, 153,
406. _See_ Learning.
Lollardism, way paved for destruction
of cloisters by, 294.
_See_ 429.
Lombards destroy Monte Cassino,
135.
London, John, a Royal Commissioner,
311.
Longfellow, poem of, on Francis,
218; on Monte Cassino, 135-
Lord, John, on needed religious
reforms, 80.
Loyola, St. Ignatius, his birth,
261; enters upon religious work,
262; his pilgrimage to the Holy
Land, 263; his education, 263;
imprisonments, 263; founds Society
of Jesus, 264; his "Spiritual
Exercises," 265, 267; on
obedience, 267; his mission,
276; Sherman on, 278; compared
with Hamilcar, 409. _See_
Society of Jesus.
Lucius, a British king, embraces
Christianity, 124.
Luther, influence of, in history, 92;
an Augustinian monk, 118;
Henry VIII. attacks, 293.
Lytton, his views of Jesuits denounced,
278.

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